| Aquiclude: |
A formation
which is capable of absorbing water, but will not transmit it fast enough to furnish enough for a well or water supply.
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| Aquifer: |
Is a formation or group of formations that contain adequate saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to wells or rings.
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Area of Influence: |
The area which ground water or pressure surface contours are modified by pumping.
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| Artesian Confined Aquifer: |
Artesian water and artesian water body is water confined by a layer of overlapping impermeable formation such as rock or slate so that
the water is under pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. The water level
in an artesian well stands above the top of the artesian water body it taps.
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Artesian Well: |
A well tapping a confined or artesian aquifer in which the static water level stands above the water table. The term artesian well is sometimes used to include al wells tapping a confined body of water.
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Bed:
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A layer of sedimentary rock.
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Bridge:
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An obstruction to circulation in
drilling operation.
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Casing Shoe: |
A heavy-walled steel coupling or band at the lower extremity of the casing.
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Capillary Fringe: |
The zone immediately above the water table in which most of the interstices are filled with water that is under less atmospheric pressure. The water is held above the water table by surface tension.
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Cementing: |
The process of placing cement to provider a seal against subsurface waters.
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| Centrifugal Well Pumps: |
Centrifugal Pumps contain a rotating impeller mounted
on a shaft turned by a power source, an electric motor or gasoline or diesel
engine. The rotating impellor or impellors creates the velocity of water which is discharged into the housing which converts the velocity into pressure.
Centrifugal pumps can contain more that one impeller and casing, each impeller and casing is called a stage. The number of stages
needed within a centrifugal pump determine the operating pressure for the pump and the
height the water can be raised from the water source. |
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Climatic Cycle: |
Periodic fluctuations of climate, including a series of dry years and a series of years with heavy rainfall.
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| Cone Of Depression: |
Is related directly to the Drawdown of the well. As water is pumped from the well, a portion of the water in the aquifer around the well is drained forming a cone shape centered on the well. The steepness of this cone of depression is dependant on the formation
surrounding the well, courser formations such as gravel will produce a shallower cone than fine sand
and clay. |
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Confined Ground Water: |
A body of ground water overlain by impervious
material such as rock or slate.
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| Confining
Layer: |
A layer of overlapping impermeable formation such as rock or slate so that
water contained underneath it is under pressure greater than atmospheric
pressure
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Die Overshot: |
A long tapered die of heat treated steel designed to fit over the top of lost drill pipe and cut threads when rotated.
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| Draw down: |
The lowering of the water level
within the well caused by pumping. It is measured for a given quantity of water pumped during a specific period.
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Driller: |
The man in charge of the rig and
crew and who handles the drilling controls.
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Effective Velocity: |
The actual velocity of ground water percolating through water-bearing material. It is measured by volume of ground water passing through a unit cross-sectional area.
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Field Capacity: |
The capacity of the soil to hold pellicular water, measured by the soil scientist as the ratio of weight of water retained by the soil to the weight of dry soil.
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Fixed Ground Water: |
Water held in saturated material that moves so slowly that it is not available as a source of water for pumping.
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| Ground Water: |
A part of rainfall that eventually finds its way to a level where all of the earth's voids and openings are filled with water. This area is known as the zone of saturation. Water in the zone of saturation is known as ground water.
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Ground Water Hydrology: |
The branch of the science of hydrology concerned with the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water below the surface of the earth.
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Hardness: |
Calcium and magnesium salts, present in most natural waters causing the water to be hard. Natural waters will vary in hardness depending on location.
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Hard Formation Rock Bits: |
A bit which have short teeth and are milled with a large included angle to resist breakage.
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Hydrograph: |
A graphic plot of changes in flow of water or in elevation of water against
time
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Hydrophilic:
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A substance that absorbs water.
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Hydrophobic: |
A substance which repels water.
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Igneous Rock:
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Rock made
from the solidification of molten mater that originated within the
earth.
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Juvenile Water: |
New
water of magmatic, volcanic or cosmic origin added to the terrestrial water supply.
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Magma: |
Molten rock-matter together with it's devolved gas or vapor.
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Meteoric water: |
Water derived from the atmosphere.
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Native Clay: |
Consists of mostly illite and kaolinite, although calcium bentonite and other clay minerals may be present. Usually a fine sand and silt are associated with clay.
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Perched
Ground Water: |
Ground water in a saturated zone that is separated from the main body of ground water by unsaturated rock.
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Precipitation: |
The process that atmospheric
moisture falls to the surface as snow, rain and other forms of moisture.
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Permeability: |
The capacity of water-bearing material to transmit water measured by the quantity of water passing through a unit cross section in a unit of time.
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pH: |
A measure of the acidity of alkalinity of water.
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Phosphate: |
In many natural waters, phosphate occurs in trace amounts.
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Porosity:
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The property of rock or soil containing interstices or voids for fluid transmission.
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Pressure Surface: |
The surface that confined water will rise in
a non-pumping well which pierces a common conduit and the water levels of which are not effected by a pumping well.
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Pressure-surface Map: |
A map showing the contours (isopiestic lines) of the pressure surface of a confined water system.
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| Pumping Level: |
The level of the water within the well while the well is Pumping. |
| Pump Testing: |
Several
methods are used to determine the well yield. These tests
determine the well yield by measuring the amount of water that is drawn down between the static level (when the pump is at rest) and the pumping level (when the pump is pumping).
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| Recovery
Time: |
Is the amount of time that it takes the aquifer to recover to it's static level
after pumping has stopped. |
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Rejuvenated Water: |
Water returned to the terrestrial water supply by geologic process of compaction and metamorphism.
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Rolling Cutter Bits: |
A
drill bit
commonly called cone bits. Provide a wide range of capability for drilling harder formations.
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Round Trip: |
Withdrawing all of the drilling shaft and bit from the bottom of the hole and returning it back to the bottom of the hole.
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Soda
Ash: |
(Washing soda, Sodium Carbonate) Used to remove hardness from water by precipitating calcium and magnesium salts, to raise the pH of acidic waters.
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Soft Formation Rock Bits: |
A drill bit having widely set teeth and cut deeply so that large cuttings are dislodged at a fast rate.
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Specific Absorption: |
The capacity of water bearing material to absorb water after all gravity water has been removed, It is the ratio of the volume of water absorbed by the volume of material saturated.
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Specific Capacity: |
Is the rate of discharge of water from the well divided by the
draw down of water level within the well. It varies with the duration of discharge. If the specific capacity is constant except for the time variation, it is roughly proportional to the transmissivity of the aquifer. The relation between discharge and drawdown is affected by the construction of the well, the character of the screen or casing perforation and the velocity and length of flow up the casing.
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Spring: |
A concentrated discharge of ground water issuing at the surface as a current of flowing water. |
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Standing Level: |
The water level in a non-pumping well. The term is used without regard to whether the well is within or outside the area of influence of other pumping wells.
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Starting Pressure: |
The distance in feet from the static water level to the bottom of the air line or foot
piece, multiplied by 0.434 = p.s.i. at pump
level.
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Static Level: |
The water level in a non-pumping well outside the area of influence of any pumping well.
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| Submersible Pumps |
The
pump within the well that is directly
coupled to an electric motor and is constructed to be water tight for
submersion within the well. The pump is supported and attached to
the discharge pipe. |
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Subsurface Water: |
All water below the ground surface.
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Surface Runoff: |
The runoff of precipitation, which flows to streams over the surface of the ground.
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Tool Pusher: |
The
Forman in charge of
the drill rig and drilling crew. |
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Transpiration: |
The discharge of water vapor by plants.
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Volcanic Water: |
Juvenile water from lava flows and volcanic centers.
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Water Table: |
The surface
in an unconfined water body at which the pressure is atmospheric. It is defined by the
level at which water stands in wells that are not pumping.
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Water Table Map: |
A contour map of the upper surface of the saturated zone.
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| Water Table Well System: |
A water table well is a more shallow type of water well. A water table well is drilled deep enough so as to penetrate ground water that has accumulated below the surface from rainwater that has
percolated below. In New England, ground water table aquifers occur in formations in sand and gravel. Ground water is an excellent source of water as it has been filtered by natural formations. |
| Well Log: |
Is the record of the hydraulic characteristics of f the well. The well log can be a
helpful reference in diagnosing future problems with the well. The well log should be furnished upon construction
completion of the well.
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| Well Pumps: |
Pumps are used to deliver water in usable, safe pressure to the water system.
There are two types of pumps, centrifugal and submersible, used in well water systems. |
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Wild Well: |
A well flowing out of control. |
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Zone of Aeration: |
The zone above the water table in which the interstices (voids) are filled with air.
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Zone of Saturation: |
The zone below the water table in which all interstices (voids) are filled with water.
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